It is a landmark move for the oldest imperial family in the world, which was founded by Akihito's ancient ancestor Jimmu 1,400 years ago.
But modern Japanese law has no system for the 125th emperor to abdicate, meaning he could be caught in limbo.
The move is in stark contrast to the Queen, who at 90 is Britain's longest-serving monarch and still going strong.
According to an official translation handed to the BBC, he said: "I am now more than 80 years old and there are times when I feel various constraints such as in my physical fitness.
"In the last few years I have started to reflect on my years as the Emperor, and contemplate on my role and my duties as the Emperor in the days to come.
"I am already 80 years old, and fortunately I am now in good health.
"When the Emperor has ill health and his condition becomes serious, I am concerned that, as we have seen in the past, society comes to a standstill and people's lives are impacted in various ways.
"These various events occur simultaneously with events related to the new era, placing a very heavy strain on those involved in the events, in particular, the family left behind.
"It occurs to me from time to time to wonder whether it is possible to prevent such a situation."
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